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61.
灰化法与微波消解法处理地电化学泡塑样品的分析效果对比研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
当前普遍使用灰化法对地电化学泡塑样品进行预处理,但可能存在高温下某些元素(如Hg、As)挥发损失的缺点。本文选择了内蒙古洛恪顿热液型铅锌多金属矿床一条地电化学勘查剖面,开展灰化法及微波消解法处理地电化学泡塑样品的勘查效果对比研究,采用原子荧光光谱和高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱测定其中的主要元素。结果表明:①对于Zn、Cu、Fe、La等十余种元素,两种处理方法取得的异常模式基本一致,可根据实际工作需求任选一种方法进行样品预处理;②对于Au、Pb等元素,微波消解法因为取样量小,可能存在较严重的样品均匀性、代表性及分析检出限等问题,应采用灰化法;③对于Hg,灰化法存在显著的元素损失,更适合采用微波消解法;④对于As,两种方法均存在较大问题,建议参考植物样品尝试使用硝酸及高氯酸直接溶解等方法进行预处理。 相似文献
62.
《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2016,76(1):171-177
Surface sediments were collected from different sites of a freshwater reservoir, Pakistan, and analyzed for eight metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The estimated metals levels were found higher than other reported studies. The environmental indices including geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and contamination factor identified Cd, Co, Pb and Zn as the priority pollutants of concern. Chromium, Cu and Mn were also found to be enriched in some areas. The pollution load index (≥1) indicated progressive deterioration of the sediments quality. Principal component and cluster analyses revealed that Cd, Co, Pb and Zn were mainly originated from agricultural activities, domestic wastes, road runoffs and recreational activities. Chromium, Cu, Fe and Mn were mainly derived from natural sources though Cr, Cu and Mn were partially contributed by human inputs. Based on spatial distribution, inlet and middle sites of the reservoir were found more contaminated. This study would drive urgent attention to develop preventive actions and remediation processes for aquatic system protection and future restoration of the reservoir. 相似文献
63.
In recent years mineral exploration has concentrated on concealed deposits in regolith-covered terrains. In China, the regolith-covered landscapes mainly include desert windblown sand basins, desert peneplains, semi-arid grassland, loess plateaus, forestry land, alluvial plains and laterite terrains. These diverse regolith-covered areas represent geochemical challenges for mineral exploration in China. This paper provides an overview of recent progress on mechanisms of metal dispersion from the buried ore deposits through the transported cover to the surface and penetrating geochemical methods to detect the anomalies. Case studies show that, in arid and semi-arid desert sand-covered terrains, sampling of fine-fraction (− 120 mesh, < 0.125 mm) clay-rich horizon soil is cost-effective for regional geochemical surveys for sandstone-type uranium, gold, and base metal deposits. Fine-fraction sampling, selective-leaching and overburden drilling geochemical methods can effectively indicate the 210 gold ore body at Jinwozi goldfield. In alluvium-covered terrains, fine-grained soil sampling (− 200 mesh, < 0.074 mm) combined with selective leaching geochemistry shows clear ring-shaped anomalies of Cu and Ni over the Zhouan concealed Cu–Ni deposit. In laterite-covered terrains, the anomalies determined by the fine-fraction soils and selective leaching of absorbed metals on coatings of Fe–Mn oxides coincide well with the concealed deposit over the Yueyang ore deposits at the Zijin Au–Cu–Ag field. Nanoparticles of hexagonal crystals mainly native copper, gold and alloys of Cu–Fe, Cu–Fe–Mn, Cu–Ti, and Cu–Au were observed in gases, soils and ores using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The findings imply that nanoparticles of gold and copper may migrate through the transported cover to the surface. Uranium is converted to uranyl ions [UO22 +] under oxidizing conditions when migrating from ore bodies to the surface. The uranyl ions are absorbed on clay minerals, because clay layers have a net negative charge, which needs to be balanced by interlayer cations. Nanoparticles of Au and Cu and ion complexes of U are more readily absorbed onto fine fractions of soils containing clays, colloids, oxides and organic matters. Thus, fine-grained soils enriched with clays, oxides and colloids are useful media for regional geochemical surveys in regolith-covered terrains and in sedimentary basins. Fine-fraction soil sampling combined with selective leaching geochemistry is effective for finding concealed ore bodies in detailed surveys. Penetrating geochemistry at surface sampling provides cost-effective mineral exploration methods for delineation of regional and local targets in transported cover terrains. 相似文献
64.
Tectonic fractures are important factors that influence oil and natural gas migration and accumulation within “buried hill” reservoirs. To obtain a quantitative forecast of the development and distribution of reservoir fractures in the Damintun Depression, we analyzed the characteristics of regional structural evolution and paleotectonic stress field setting. A reasonable geological model of the research area was built based on an interpretation of the geological structure, a test for rock mechanics, and experiment on acoustic emission. Thereafter, a three-dimensional paleotectonic stress field during the Yanshan movement was simulated by the finite element method. Rock failure criterion and comprehensive evaluation coefficient of fractures were used to determine the quantitative development of fractures and predict zones that are prone to fracture development. Under an intense Yanshan movement, high stress strength is distributed in the south and northeast parts of the study area, where stress is extremely high. The fracture development zones are mainly controlled by the tectonic stress field and typically located in the same areas as those of high maximum principal and shear stresses. The predicted areas with developed fractures are consistent with the wells with high fracture linear density and in locations with high-producing oil and gas wells. 相似文献
65.
维拉斯托岩浆热液脉型铜多金属矿床位于大兴安岭成矿带南段西坡白音查干,已探明矿石量881.14万吨,平均品位Cu:0.79%、Zn:4.29%、Ag:65~85 g/t。矿体的产出严格受NE向断裂带控制,总体走向NE—NEE,倾向北。维拉斯托矿区北侧第四系覆盖区域是否存在隐伏矿体是当前亟待解决的问题。维拉斯托矿区北侧第四系覆盖区成矿条件与主矿区类似,本文应用重力、磁法、激电中梯和可控源音频大地电磁法对其进行了隐伏铜多金属矿体的探测和研究,构建了覆盖区岩浆热液脉型隐伏矿体定位勘查流程。首先,针对全区的重力方向导数异常圈出三个NE-NNE向的"条带状"重力方向导数高值带,推测为F1、F2和F3三条断裂;同时,在上述"条带状"重力方向导数高值带内,利用磁场化极和上延圈出一"月牙形"高值异常带(含多个串珠状磁异常),推测为含矿岩体;对应"月牙形"串珠状高磁异常带,运用激电中梯视充电率和视电阻率圈定M1和M2两个视电阻率低值、视充电率高值异常区域,推测为矿化岩体;在此基础上,综合分析面积性地球物理探测研究成果,在重力、磁场和激电异常区域进行可控源音频大地电磁法研究中发现2处反演电阻率低值异常点(均位于NW向和NEE向断裂交汇处),推测为富含硫化物矿体引起,据此圈定两处矿体,且推测该区深部可能存在更大规模的隐伏矿体。依据本文研究成果,预测维拉斯托矿区北侧覆盖区存在隐伏矿体。 相似文献
66.
地?井瞬变电磁法响应规律复杂,现有解释方法以定性分析和半定量解释应用最为广泛,不能直接获取大地电阻率参数。针对这一问题,提出一种基于瞬变冲激时刻的快速定量解释方法。首先给出均匀半空间地?井瞬变电磁响应的表达式,分析地?井瞬变电磁响应的冲激时刻特征。结果表明,接收点深度越大、大地电导率越高,则瞬变冲激时刻越晚。结合已有的研究成果,推导冲激时刻与大地电导率和深度的函数关系,依据反函数理论进行大地视电阻率定义。以获取真实大地电阻率为目标,研究基于地下电磁场扩散速度的改进大地电阻率恢复算法。采用所提出的算法,根据实际常用工作方式,分别设计均匀半空间、二层模型和三层模型进行模拟计算。模型算例和实测数据试算结果表明:基于冲激时刻的视电阻率定义方法能够较好地反映大地电阻率的变化趋势,但具有较强的体积效应;基于电磁场扩散速度的改进算法能够有效地削弱体积效应的影响,更加准确地恢复大地电阻率值和反映电性界面。该算法无需进行复杂模型的迭代正演计算,具有较高的计算效率,能够定量恢复大地电阻率值,适用于地?井瞬变电磁法的快速初步定量解释。但在实际资料解释应用中,还需考虑视电阻率的“overshoot”和“undershoot”现象,避免造成错误解释。 相似文献
67.
在2011年7月利用35SO2-4培养示踪法测定九龙江河口两个站位(A站位位于咸淡混合区,盐度3~5;B站位位于海相区,盐度20~25)沉积柱中硫酸盐还原速率的垂直分布。结果显示A站位沉积柱中硫酸盐还原速率变化范围为54~2 345nmol/(cm3·d),从表层到底部先增大后减小,最大值出现在20cm深度附近;B站位硫酸盐还原速率在24~987nmol/(cm3·d)之间,分别在10cm和78cm深度附近出现两个峰值,分别为876nmol/(cm3·d)和987nmol/(cm3·d)。综合分析两个站位孔隙水中SO2-4、甲烷浓度和沉积物中总有机碳、温度和氧化还原电位的垂直变化趋势与其硫酸盐还原速率的分布规律,表明A站位沉积物中硫酸盐还原以有机矿化为主;B站位受到有机质矿化和甲烷厌氧氧化的共同作用;两个站位硫酸盐还原速率及垂直分布趋势受孔隙水中SO2-4浓度、有机质活性和温度的共同影响;根据各个层位硫酸盐还原速率估算两个站位硫酸盐还原通量(以硫计)分别为527.9mmol/(m2·d)和357.1mmol/(m2·d),表明硫酸盐还原是九龙江河口有机质厌氧矿化的重要路径。 相似文献
68.
In recent years, due to the rapid development of computation hard- and software, time domain full-wave inversion, which makes use of all the information in the seismograms without appealing to linearization, has become a plausible candidate for the retrieval of the physical parameters of the earth's substratum. Retrieving a large number of parameters (the usual case in a layered substratum comprising various materials, some of which are porous) at one time is a formidable task, so full-wave inversion often seeks to retrieve only a subset of these unknowns, with the remaining parameters, the priors, considered to be known and constant, or sequentially updated, during the inversion. A known prior means that its value has been obtained by other means (e.g., in situ or laboratory measurement) or simply guessed (hopefully, with a reasonable degree of confidence). The uncertainty of the value of the priors, like that of data noise, and the inadequacy of the theoretical/numerical model employed to mimick the seismic data during the inversion, is a source of retrieval error. We show, on the example of a homogeneous, isotropic, anelastic half-plane substratum configuration, characterized by five parameters: density, P and S wavespeeds and P and S quality factors, when a perfectly-adequate theoretical/numerical model is employed during the inversion and the data is free of noise, that the retrieval error can be very large for a given parameter, even when the prior uncertainty of another single parameter is very small. Furthermore, the employment of other load and response polarization data and/or multi-offset data, as well as other choices of the to-be-retrieved parameters, are shown, on specific examples, not to systematically improve(they may even reduce) the accuracy of the retrievals when the prior uncertainty is relatively-large. These findings, relative to the recovery, via an exact retrieval model processing noiseless data obtained in one of the simplest geophysical configurations, of a single parameter at a time with a single uncertain prior, raises the question of the confidence that can be placed in geophysical parameter retrievals: 1) when more than one parameters are retrieved at a time, and/or 2) when more than one prior are affected by uncertainties during a given inversion, and/or 3) when the model employed to mimick the data during the inversion is inadequate, 4) when the data is affected by noise or measurement errors, and 5) when the parameter retrieval is carried out in more realistic configurations. 相似文献
69.
地球化学数据是应用地球化学研究的重要组成部分，是化学勘查工作的基础成果。勘查地球化学数据基本上以元素的质量百分浓度
(简称浓度)的形式表达，是典型的成分数据。其表达的是“组分/总体”相对质量贡献信息，而不是绝对的质量变化信息。浓度数据分布在单纯形空间，而不是整个欧式空间。对成分数据进行处理之前，进行适当的对数比值转换处理可以提高其信息表达。本文以安徽省兆吉口铅锌矿床土壤中Pb数据为示范案例，通过对数比值转换方法优化浓度数据的结构以提高相对信息的表达，并利用无监督学习K- means聚类方法根据对数比值转换数据分布空间质心的距离识别背景和异常信息，最后对K- means聚类方法识别的背景和异常与迭代2倍标准差法和浓度- 面积分形分析法进行比较以衡量其表现。结果表明：浓度数据表达的是相对质量信息，而不是绝对质量关系，不同样品间不能通过比较浓度高低推断出质量的多寡关系。对数比值方法可以有效地提高浓度数据的结构和信息表达，K- means方法能够准确识别对数比值转换数据的背景和异常信息，其效果类似浓度- 面积分形分析方法，比迭代2倍标准差法好。 相似文献
70.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2015,56(11):1544-1567
We present results of study of mineral assemblages and PT-conditions of metamorphism of mafic garnet–two-pyroxene and two-pyroxene granulites in the Early Precambrian metamorphic complex of the Angara–Kan terrane as well as the U–Pb age and trace-element and Lu–Hf isotope compositions of zircon from these rocks and the zircon/garnet REE distribution coefficients. The temperatures of metamorphism of two-pyroxene granulites are estimated as 800–870 to ~ 900 °C. Mafic garnet–two-pyroxene granulites contain garnet coronas formed at 750–860 °C and 8–9.5 kbar. The formation of the garnet coronas proceeded probably at the retrograde stage during cooling and was controlled by the rock composition. The age (1.92–1.94 Ga) of zircon cores, which retain the REE pattern typical of magmatic zircon, can be taken as the minimum age of protolith for the mafic granulites. The metamorphic zircon generation in the mafic granulites is represented by multifaceted or soccerball crystals and rims depleted in Y, MREE, and HREE compared to the cores. The age of metamorphic zircon in the garnet–two-pyroxene (~ 1.77 Ga) and two-pyroxene granulites (~ 1.85 and 1.78 Ga) indicates two episodes of high-temperature metamorphism. The presence of one generation (1.77 Ga) of metamorphic zircon in the garnet–two-pyroxene granulites and, on the contrary, the predominance of 1.85 Ga zircon in the two-pyroxene granulites with single garnet grains suggest that the formation of the garnet coronas proceeded at the second stage of metamorphism. The agreement between the zircon/garnet HREE distribution coefficients and the experimentally determined values at 800 °C suggests the simultaneous formation of ~ 1.77 Ga metamorphic zircon and garnet. Zircon formation by dissolution/reprecipitation or recrystallization in a closed system without exchange with the rock matrix is confirmed by the close ranges of 176Hf/177Hf values for the core and rims. The positive εHf values (up to + 6.2) for the zircon cores suggest that the protolith of mafic granulites are derived from depleted-mantle source. The first stage of metamorphism of the mafic granulites and paragneisses of the Kan complex (1.85–1.89 Ga) ended with the formation of collisional granitoids (1.84 Ga). The second stage (~ 1.77 Ga) corresponds to the intrusion of the second phase of subalkalic leucogranites of the Taraka pluton and charnockites (1.73–1.75 Ga). 相似文献